Test 3
Test 3
Veklury must be administered:
a. IV infusion
b. Subcutaneously
c. Intramuscularly
d. Orally
e. Rectally
Veklury must be administered:
a. IV infusion
b. Subcutaneously
c. Intramuscularly
d. Orally
e. Rectally
Answer: (a). The active ingredient found in Veklury is Remdesivir. Veklury (Remdesivir) is authorized for use under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) only for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients hospitalized with suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and for whom use of an intravenous (IV) agent is clinically appropriate. Veklury must be administered via IV infusion. It is only administered intravenously in a hospital setting under the care of a physician.
Remdesivir is an adenosine nucleotide prodrug that distributes into cells where it is metabolized to form the pharmacologically active nucleoside triphosphate metabolite. Metabolism of Remdesivir to Remdesivir triphosphate has been demonstrated in multiple cell types. Remdesivir triphosphate acts as an analog of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and competes with the natural ATP substrate for incorporation into nascent RNA chains by the SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which results in delayed chain termination during replication of the viral RNA. Remdesivir triphosphate is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA and RNA polymerases with low potential for mitochondrial toxicity.
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What is a strain number of influenza virus in A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)?
a. A
b. Texas
c. 50
d. 2012
e. H3N2
What is a strain number of influenza virus in A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2)?
a. A
b. Texas
c. 50
d. 2012
e. H3N2
Answer: (c) Influenza is named according to the type, the location of initial isolation, the strain designation, and the year of isolation. For example, A/Texas/50/2012 (H3N2), or H3N2, is influenza type A with origin in Texas, with strain No. 50, isolated in 2012 and of the H3N2 subtype.
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Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) inhibits the release which of the following?
a. Serotonin
b. Histamine
c. Acetylcholine
d. GABA
e. Dopamine
Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) inhibits the release which of the following?
a. Serotonin
b. Histamine
c. Acetylcholine
d. GABA
e. Dopamine
The active ingredient found in Botox is OnabotulinumtoxinA. It is an acetylcholine release inhibitor and a neuromuscular blocking agent.
Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to acceptor sites on motor or autonomic nerve terminals, entering the nerve terminals, and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. This inhibition occurs as the neurotoxin cleaves SNAP-25, a protein integral to the successful docking and release of acetylcholine from vesicles situated within nerve endings.
When injected intramuscularly at therapeutic doses, Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) produces partial chemical denervation of the muscle resulting in a localized reduction in muscle activity. In addition, the muscle may atrophy, axonal sprouting may occur, and extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors may develop. There is evidence that reinnervation of the muscle may occur, thus slowly reversing muscle denervation produced by Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA).
When injected intradermally, Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) produces temporary chemical denervation of the sweat gland resulting in local reduction in sweating.
Following intradetrusor injection, Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) affects the efferent pathways of detrusor activity via inhibition of acetylcholine release.
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What are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?
I. a persistent headache
II. swelling of the face or hands
III. shoulder pain
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
What are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia?
I. a persistent headache
II. swelling of the face or hands
III. shoulder pain
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (d) All. Preeclampsia is a condition during pregnancy where there is a sudden rise in blood pressure and swelling, mostly in the face, hands, and feet.
Signs and symptoms associated with preeclampsia:
1. a headache that persists
2. swelling of the face or hands
3. changes in eyesight
4. sudden weight gain
5. shoulder pain
6. nausea and vomiting
Source: www.pharmacyexam.com
RxExam Sample Question on headaches during menstrual period.
Which of the following information is/are TRUE ABOUT headaches during menstrual period? [Select All That Apply]
a. A menstrual migraine headache may occur before, during, or after a period.
b. Acute migraine headaches may occur when the level of estrogen in the body rises significantly.
c. Around 10% of females who experience migraine report that menstruation is a trigger for these headaches.
d. Premenstrual syndrome headaches typically occur before a period begins.
e. Sensitivity to bright lights and noise is also reported with the menstrual migraine.
Which of the following information is/are TRUE ABOUT headaches during menstrual period? [Select All That Apply]
a. A menstrual migraine headache may occur before, during, or after a period.
b. Acute migraine headaches may occur when the level of estrogen in the body rises significantly.
c. Around 10% of females who experience migraine report that menstruation is a trigger for these headaches.
d. Premenstrual syndrome headaches typically occur before a period begins.
e. Sensitivity to bright lights and noise is also reported with the menstrual migraine.
Answer: (a, d and e).
A menstrual migraine headache may occur before, during, or after a period whereas premenstrual syndrome (PMS) headaches typically occur before a period begins.
Acute migraine headaches are normally reported when the level of estrogen in the body drops (not rises) significantly.
Around 60% (not 10%) of females who experience migraine report that menstruation is a trigger for these headaches.
Other symptoms of a menstrual migraine headache tend to include:
1. sensitivity to bright lights
2. sensitivity to noise
3. throbbing pain on one side of the head
4. nausea
5. vomiting
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Which of the following information is/are TRUE ABOUT Oscillopsia? [Select All That Apply]
a. It is the sensation that the surrounding environment is constantly in motion when it is, in fact, stationary.
b. It is usually a symptom of conditions that affect eye movement or the eye's ability to stabilize images, especially during movement.
c. It often links to types of ataxia, which is a condition that causes abnormal or involuntary eye movement.
d. The American Psychological Association describe oscillopsia as "the sensation of perceiving oscillating movement of the environment."
e. It is usually associated with neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis.
Which of the following information is/are TRUE ABOUT Oscillopsia? [Select All That Apply]
a. It is the sensation that the surrounding environment is constantly in motion when it is, in fact, stationary.
b. It is usually a symptom of conditions that affect eye movement or the eye's ability to stabilize images, especially during movement.
c. It often links to types of ataxia, which is a condition that causes abnormal or involuntary eye movement.
d. The American Psychological Association describe oscillopsia as "the sensation of perceiving oscillating movement of the environment."
e. It is usually associated with neurological conditions, such as multiple sclerosis.
Answer: (a, b, d and e).
Oscillopsia is the sensation that the surrounding environment is constantly in motion when it is, in fact, stationary. It usually occurs as a result of conditions that affect eye movement or alter how parts of the eye, inner ear, and brain stabilize images and maintain balance. The American Psychological Association describe oscillopsia as "the sensation of perceiving oscillating movement of the environment."
It often links to types of nystagmus (not ataxia), which is a condition that causes abnormal or involuntary eye movement.
Some of the most common conditions that experts have associated with oscillopsia include:
1. neurological conditions, such as seizures, multiple sclerosis, and superior oblique myokymia
2. brain or head injuries, especially bilateral vestibular cerebellar injuries
3. conditions, such as stroke, that affect the eye muscles or muscles around the eyes
4. conditions that affect or damage the inner ear, including Meniere's disease
5. conditions that cause brain inflammation, such as tumors or meningitis
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RxExam Sample Question on Red flag signs of Postnatal depression.
Pharmacists should be able to recognise red flag signs of Postnatal depression (PND) and refer these patients immediately. Which of the following is/are Red flag signs or symptoms for postnatal depression?
I. Recent significant change in mental state or emergence of new psychiatric symptoms
II. New thoughts or acts of violent self-harm.
III. New and persistent expressions of incompetency as a mother, such as being over-critical for not recognising what the baby needs.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Pharmacists should be able to recognise red flag signs of Postnatal depression (PND) and refer these patients immediately. Which of the following is/are Red flag signs or symptoms for postnatal depression?
I. Recent significant change in mental state or emergence of new psychiatric symptoms
II. New thoughts or acts of violent self-harm.
III. New and persistent expressions of incompetency as a mother, such as being over-critical for not recognising what the baby needs.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (d). All. Pharmacists should be able to recognise red flag signs and symptoms of PND and refer these patients immediately.
Red flag signs for postnatal depression:
- Recent significant change in mental state or emergence of new psychiatric symptoms;
- New thoughts or acts of violent self-harm;
- New and persistent expressions of incompetency as a mother, such as:
- Estrangement from the infant;
- Being over-critical for not recognising what the baby needs;
- Saying that she/he is not doing things correctly;
- Saying that she/he is not a good mother for her child;
- Saying that the baby may be better cared for by someone else;
- Saying that she/he is not providing good care for her baby or that other parents seem to be more able to look after their babies.
Source: www.pharmacyexam.com
Citation: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/cpd-and-learning/learning-article/postnatal-depression-recognition-and-diagnosis/20207360.article?firstPass=false
_______________ glaucoma happens when the eye makes extra blood vessels that cover the part of your eye where fluid would normally drain.
a. Neovascular
b. Pigmentary
c. Exfoliation
d. Uveitic
_______________ glaucoma happens when the eye makes extra blood vessels that cover the part of your eye where fluid would normally drain.
a. Neovascular
b. Pigmentary
c. Exfoliation
d. Uveitic
Answer: (a). Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that are usually characterized by damage to the optic nerve and gradual vision loss that starts with losing peripheral (side) vision. People who have high eye pressure are at higher risk for glaucoma.
Primary glaucomas:
When experts don’t know what causes a type of glaucoma, that type is called a primary glaucoma.
Secondary glaucomas:
Sometimes glaucoma is caused by another medical condition — this is called secondary glaucoma.
1. Neovascular glaucoma
Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment, surgery
Neovascular glaucoma happens when the eye makes extra blood vessels that cover the part of your eye where fluid would normally drain. It’s usually caused by another medical condition, like diabetes or high blood pressure.
If you have neovascular glaucoma, you may notice:
- Pain or redness in your eye
- Vision loss
This type of glaucoma can be hard to treat. Doctors need to treat the underlying cause (like diabetes or high blood pressure) and use glaucoma treatments to lower the eye pressure that results from it.
2. Pigmentary glaucoma
Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment, surgery
Pigment dispersion syndrome happens when the pigment (color) from your iris (the colored part of your eye) flakes off. The loose pigment may block fluid from draining out of your eye, which can increase your eye pressure and cause pigmentary glaucoma.
Young, white men who are near-sighted are more likely to have pigment dispersion syndrome than others. If you have this condition, you may have blurry vision or see rainbow-colored rings around lights, especially when you exercise.
Doctors can treat pigmentary glaucoma by lowering eye pressure, but there currently isn’t a way to prevent pigment from detaching from the iris.
3. Exfoliation glaucoma
Treatments: Medicines, laser treatment, surgery
Exfoliation glaucoma (sometimes called pseudoexfoliation) is a type of open-angle glaucoma that happens in some people with exfoliation syndrome, a condition that causes extra material to detach from parts of the eye and block fluid from draining.
Recent research shows that genetics may play a role in exfoliation glaucoma. You are at higher risk if someone else in your family has exfoliation glaucoma.
This type of glaucoma can progress faster than primary open-angle glaucoma, and often causes higher eye pressure. This means that it’s especially important for people who are at risk to get eye exams regularly.
4. Uveitic glaucoma
Treatments: Medicines, surgery
Uveitic glaucoma can happen in people who have uveitis, a condition that causes inflammation (irritation and swelling) in the eye. About 2 in 10 people with uveitis will develop uveitic glaucoma.
Experts aren’t sure how uveitis causes uveitic glaucoma, but they think that it may happen because uveitis can cause inflammation and scar tissue in the middle of the eye. This may damage or block the part of the eye where fluid drains out, causing high eye pressure and leading to uveitic glaucoma.
In some cases, the medicines that treat uveitis may also cause uveitic glaucoma or make it worse. This is because corticosteroid medicines may cause increased eye pressure as a side effect.
Source: www.pharmacyexam.com
Citation: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/glaucoma/types-glaucoma
