Which of the following is/are considered Diabetes Risk Factor(s)? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].

a. Physical inactivity.
b. Women who delivered a baby greater than 9 lb.
c. First-degree relative with diabetes.
d. High-risk race/ethnicity
e. Hypertension greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg

A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
E. e

Which of the following is/are considered Diabetes Risk Factor(s)? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].

a. Physical inactivity.
b. Women who delivered a baby greater than 9 lb.
c. First-degree relative with diabetes.
d. High-risk race/ethnicity
e. Hypertension greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg

A. a
B. b
C. c
D. d
E. e

Answer (a,b,c,d,e). Diabetes Risk Factors:

1. Physical inactivity.
2. First-degree relative with diabetes.
3. Women who delivered a baby >9 lb or were diagnosed with GDM.
4. High-risk race/ethnicity.
5. A1C greater or equal to 5.7%, Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT), or Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) on previous testing.
6. Hypertension ( greater or equal to 140/90 mm Hg or on therapy).
7. HDL-C <35 mg/dL plus or minus TG >250 mg/dL.


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According to ADA guidelines, the value of A1C% 10 reflects the mean plasma glucose level:
 
a. 126 mg/dl
b. 183 mg/dl
c. 240 mg/dl
d. 269 mg/dl
e. 298 mg/dl

According to ADA guidelines, the value of A1C% 10 reflects the mean plasma glucose level:

a. 126 mg/dl
b. 183 mg/dl
c. 240 mg/dl
d. 269 mg/dl
e. 298 mg/dl

Answer: (c). 240 mg/dl. Below is the chart that describes the correlation between A1C% and blood glucose concentration in mg/dl.

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Which of the following is commonly known as “Z-Drug”?
 
a. Humira
b. Zyprexa
c. Ambien
d. Axid
e. Unisom

Which of the following is commonly known as “Z-Drug”?
 
a. Humira
b. Zyprexa
c. Ambien
d. Axid
e. Unisom
 
Answer: (c) The Z-drugs, which include Eszopiclone (Lunesta), Zolpidem (Ambien), and Zaleplon (Sonata), are benzodiazepine receptor agonists.  That means they work in a similar way to the benzodiazepine drugs inside the brain.  They are GABA agonists meaning they somewhat mimic the action of gamma-Aminobutyric acid, the inhibitory neurotransmitter and thereby induce sleepiness.
 
These drugs are sometimes referred to as non-benzodiazepine hypnotics or just non-benzodiazepines.  That's a dumb name, if you ask us.  Too unspecific and vague, especially if you are not in the context of sleep medicine.  Further, even within sleep medicine, there are compounds that are non-benzodiazepine hypnotics that would not be considered part of this class: antihistamines and Ramelteon, for instance.

One problem is that the chemists don't have a category that these drugs all fall into which is narrow enough to signify what medical practitioners are talking about.  These drugs are in the categories pyrazolopyrimidines, imidazopyridines or cyclopyrrones, but they are not all in the same category.

Therefore, we prefer the term Z-drugs.  The generic names for these drugs all contain the letter Z, and it is as good a name as any.
 
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Which of the following is commonly known as “Purple Pill”?
 
a. Prilosec
b. Tagamet
c. Protonix
d. Axid
e. Nexium

Which of the following is commonly known as “Purple Pill”?
 
a. Prilosec
b. Tagamet
c. Protonix
d. Axid
e. Nexium
 
Answer: (e) Esomeprazole (Nexium). Esomeprazole (Nexium) is the S-Isomer of Omeprazole (Prilosec). It is classified as a Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI). It is indicated for the treatment of duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, Zollinger Ellison Syndrome and GERD. The OTC version of Esomeprazole (Nexium) 24 HR is also commonly known as "Purple Pill".
 
It is supplied in delayed-release capsules and in packets for a delayed-release oral suspension. Each delayed-release capsule contains 20 mg, or 40 mg of Esomeprazole (Nexium). Each packet of Esomeprazole (Nexium) for delayed-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg of Esomeprazole (Nexium), in the form of the same enteric-coated granules used in Esomeprazole (Nexium) delayed-release capsules.
 
The recommended dose is 20 to 40 mg once daily for 4 to 8 weeks.
 
Diarrhea, nausea, flatulence, abdominal pain, constipation, and dry mouth are commonly reported side effects of Esomeprazole (Nexium).
 
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Coricidin HBP Night is contraindicated to use in patients suffering from:
 
I.  Hypertension
II. Glaucoma
III. BPH
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All

Coricidin HBP Night is contraindicated to use in patients suffering from:
 
I.  Hypertension
II. Glaucoma
III. BPH
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All
 
Answer: (d) II and III only. All Coricidin HBP (High Blood Pressure) products are free of decongestants and therefore they can safely be used in patients suffering from high blood pressure. The active ingredients found in Coricidin HBP Night are 500mg Acetaminophen, 10mg Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide and 2mg Chlorpheniramine. The active ingredients found in Coricidin HBP Day are 10mg Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide and 200mg Guaifenesin.
 
It is indicated for the symptomatic relief of cold and cough, runny nose and sneezing, and bronchial irritation. Since Coricidin HBP Night contains anti-histamine (Chlorpheniramine), it shall be carefully prescribed to patients suffering from glaucoma or BPH.
 
The recommended dose is 1 tablet every 6 hours, not more than 4 tablets in 24 hours.
 
Nausea, vomiting, sedation, drowsiness, dizziness and blurred vision are commonly reported side effects of the drug.
 
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Which of the following information about Folic acid is NOT TRUE?
 
a. It is indicated for prevention of neural tube defects in pregnancy.
 
b. It is indicated for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
 
c. The recommended daily allowance is 400 mg per day.
 
d. It is a water-soluble vitamin that has antidepressant, antiproliferative, anti-teratogenic, gingival and anti-inflammatory effects.
 
e. Erythema, pruritus, urticaria, irritability, nausea, bloating and flatulence are reported side effects of the vitamin.

Which of the following information about Folic acid is NOT TRUE?
 
a. It is indicated for prevention of neural tube defects in pregnancy.
 
b. It is indicated for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
 
c. The recommended daily allowance is 400 mg per day.
 
d. It is a water-soluble vitamin that has antidepressant, antiproliferative, anti-teratogenic, gingival and anti-inflammatory effects.
 
e. Erythema, pruritus, urticaria, irritability, nausea, bloating and flatulence are reported side effects of the vitamin.
 
Answer: (c) is NOT TRUE. Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that has antidepressant, antiproliferative, anti-teratogenic, gingival and anti-inflammatory effects.  It is indicated for prevention of neural tube defects in pregnancy. It is also indicated for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia. It shall not be used in presence of pernicious and megaloblastic anemia due to Vit B12 deficiency.
 
The recommended daily allowance is 400 mcg (NOT mg) per day. Erythema, pruritus, urticaria, irritability, nausea, bloating and flatulence are reported side effects of the drug.
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A pharmacist receives a new prescription. The prescription reads:
 
Bydureon 2mg SC every day for type II diabetes x 30 days.
Refill: 5 times
 
Which of the following is the most appropriate action by a pharmacist?
 
a. Fill as it is.
b. Question the physician about the indication of the drug.
c. Question the physician about the refill quantity of the drug.
d. Question the physician about the dosage frequency of the drug.
e. Question the physician about the dosage strength of the drug.

A pharmacist receives a new prescription. The prescription reads:
 
Bydureon 2mg SC every day for type II diabetes x 30 days.
Refill: 5 times
 
Which of the following is the most appropriate action by a pharmacist?
 
a. Fill as it is.
b. Question the physician about the indication of the drug.
c. Question the physician about the refill quantity of the drug.
d. Question the physician about the dosage frequency of the drug.
e. Question the physician about the dosage strength of the drug.
 
Answer:(d). The active ingredient found in Bydureon is Exenatide indicated for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus. It is an incretin mimetic agent. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion and exhibit other antihyperglycemic actions following their release into the circulation from the gut. Bydureon is a GLP-1 receptor agonist that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta-cell, suppresses inappropriately elevated glucagon secretion, and slows gastric emptying.
 
Bydureon is an extended-release formulation of Exenatide, administered as an injection once every 7 days (weekly). It is also available under the trade name Byetta. Byetta is an immediate release solution of Exenatide administered by SC route. Byetta should be initiated at 5 mcg administered twice daily at any time within the 60-minute period before the morning and evening meals (or before the two main meals of the day, approximately 6 hours or more apart).
 
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, injection site reactions, constipation and hypoglycemia are commonly reported side effects of Bydureon.
 
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The active ingredient found in Tavist ND is/are:
 
I. Clemastine
II. Pseudoephedrine
III. Loratadine
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All

The active ingredient found in Tavist ND is/are:
 
I. Clemastine
II. Pseudoephedrine
III. Loratadine
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All

Answer:(b), Loratadine. Normally, the active ingredient found in Tavist is Clemastine. It is indicated for the treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis; and chronic idiopathic urticaria. The recommended dose is 1.34 mg orally twice a day. Dosage may be increased as required, but not to exceed 2.68 mg orally 3 times a day.
 
Sedation, sleepiness, dizziness, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, thickening of bronchial secretions are commonly reported side effects of Clemastine (Tavist).
 
The active ingredient found in Tavist ND is 10 mg Loratadine.
 
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Which of the following is the first combination pill approved to treat chronic HCV genotype 1 infection?
 
a. Vitekta
b. Tybost
c. Movantik
d. Harvoni
e. Contrave

Which of the following is the first combination pill approved to treat chronic HCV genotype 1 infection?
 
a. Vitekta
b. Tybost
c. Movantik
d. Harvoni
e. Contrave

Answer: (d). Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir (Harvoni) . Ledipasvir and Sofosbuvir (Harvoni) is the first combination pill approved to treat chronic HCV genotype 1 infection.

Harvoni is a fixed-dose combination of ledipasvir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A inhibitor, and sofosbuvir, an HCV nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and is indicated for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) in adults and pediatric patients 3 years of age and older:

1. Genotype 1, 4, 5, or 6 infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis.
2. Genotype 1 infection with decompensated cirrhosis, in combination with ribavirin.
3. Genotype 1 or 4 infection who are liver transplant recipients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, in combination with ribavirin.
 
It is available as tablets (90mg Ledipasvir/400 mg Sofosbuvir, 45mg Ledipasvir/200 mg Sofosbuvir)  and oral pellets (45 mg of Ledipasvir and 200 mg of Sofosbuvir, 33.75 mg of Ledipasvir and 150 mg of Sofosbuvir).
 
The recommended dose in an adult patient is  one tablet (90 mg of Ledipasvir and 400 mg of Sofosbuvir) taken orally once daily with or without food.
 
The most common side effects reported in clinical trial participants were fatigue and headache.
 
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Which of the following Oxybutynin formulations is indicated for the symptoms of detrusor overactivity associated with a condition called Spina bifida?
 
I. Ditropan
II. Oxytrol
III. Ditropan XL
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All

Which of the following Oxybutynin formulations is indicated for the symptoms of detrusor overactivity associated with a condition called Spina bifida?
 
I. Ditropan
II. Oxytrol
III. Ditropan XL
 
a. I only
b. III only
c. I and II only
d. II and III only
e. All
 
Answer: (b). Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) is an antispasmodic, anticholinergic agent. Each Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) Extended Release Tablet contains 5 mg, 10 mg, or 15 mg of Oxybutynin chloride USP, formulated as a once-a-day controlled-release tablet for oral administration. Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) uses osmotic pressure to deliver oxybutynin chloride at a controlled rate over approximately 24 hours.
 
Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) is indicated for the treatment of overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency. It is also indicated in the treatment of pediatric patients aged 6 years and older with symptoms of detrusor overactivity associated with a neurological condition (e.g., spina bifida).
 
Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) must be swallowed whole with the aid of liquids, and must not be chewed, divided, or crushed. It may be administered with or without food. The recommended starting dose of Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) in adult is 5 or 10 mg once daily at approximately the same time each day. Dosage may be adjusted in 5-mg increments to achieve a balance of efficacy and tolerability (up to a maximum of 30 mg/day).
 
For pediatric patients aged 6 years of age and older, the recommended starting dose of Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL) is 5 mg once daily at approximately the same time each day. Dosage may be adjusted in 5-mg increments to achieve a balance of efficacy and tolerability (up to a maximum of 20 mg/day).
 
Dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision and vasodilation are commonly reported side effects of Oxybutynin (Ditropan XL).
 
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