What type of container shall be used to transport radioactive materials?
a. D.O.T Type 1B
b. D.O.T Type 2A
c. D.O.T Type 4C
d. D.O.T Type 7A
Answer:
What type of container shall be used to transport radioactive materials?
a. D.O.T Type 1B
b. D.O.T Type 2A
c. D.O.T Type 4C
d. D.O.T Type 7A
Answer: D.O.T. Type 7A are approved transport containers for transporting radioactive materials.
Who tracks Medication Errors?
I. ISMP
II. MedMARX
III. U.S. Pharmacopeia
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer:
Who tracks Medication Errors?
I. ISMP
II. MedMARX
III. U.S. Pharmacopeia
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer:
Answer: All. Medication Errors are tracked by the following administrations:
1. The Food and Drug Administration: Accepts reports from consumers and health professionals about products regulated by the FDA, including drugs and medical devices, through MedWatch, the FDA's safety information and adverse event reporting program.
2. Institute for Safe Medication Practices: Accepts reports from consumers and health professionals related to medication. Publishes Safe Medicine, a consumer newsletter on medication errors.
3. U.S. Pharmacopeia: The Medication Errors Reporting (MER) Program, in cooperation with the Institute for Safe Medication Practices, is a voluntary national medication error reporting program.
4. MedMARX: USP's anonymous medication error reporting program used by hospitals. These data are not submitted to the FDA.
Citation: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ucm143553.htm
Which of the following best describes DailyMed?
a. Provide the information on drugs being withdrawn by FDA.
b. Provide the information about the most economical manufacturer of particular drug.
c. Provide the information about the drugs used to treat rare disease.
d. Provide up to date resource of medication content and labeling.
Answer:
Which of the following best describes DailyMed?
a. Provide the information on drugs being withdrawn by FDA.
b. Provide the information about the most economical manufacturer of particular drug.
c. Provide the information about the drugs used to treat rare disease.
d. Provide up to date resource of medication content and labeling.
Answer:(d). DailyMed provides high quality information about marketed drugs. This information includes FDA labels (package inserts). DailyMed provides health information providers and the public with a standard, comprehensive, up-to-date, look-up and download resource of medication content and labeling as found in medication package inserts. It is available without cost from the National Library of Medicine.
Which of the following is/are frequently used Remote Medication Order Processing (RMOP) model(s)?
I. Contracted Services
II. Supplemental Workload Balancing
III. Unit of Dispensing Services
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Which of the following is/are frequently used Remote Medication Order Processing (RMOP) model(s)?
I. Contracted Services
II. Supplemental Workload Balancing
III. Unit of Dispensing Services
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: I and II only. The technologies used in Remote Medication Order Processing (RMOP) are relatively new and rapidly changing, so different methods for RMOP have evolved, and further evolution should be encouraged. At least two models of RMOP are currently in use: contracted services and supplemental workload balancing, which includes network workload balancing and on-call assistance.
Each of these models has unique characteristics that must be considered in planning for its use. Contracted Services. In this model, a hospital pharmacy that is not continuously open contracts with a larger hospital or a service to provide RMOP when its pharmacy is closed. This model is typically applied when a hospital without 24-hour pharmacy services has sufficient automated dispensing cabinet capacity that RMOP allows nursing staff to keep functioning without having a pharmacist present, although some institutions have developed models for remote verification by pharmacists of dispensing performed by pharmacy technicians at the client site.
Supplemental Workload Balancing. Similar to the model described above, in this case a health system with a number of hospitals relies on the ones that have a 24-hour pharmacy department or on a service to provide RMOP for hospitals whose pharmacies are closed or that experience unanticipated peaks in order processing workload. For example, in an on-call model, a staff pharmacist from the client site or a contracted service is placed on call to help with managing workload. This pharmacist works remotely (sometimes from a home office, where allowed by state regulation) to help the client’s pharmacy department manage unanticipated peaks in order processing workload (often on the second or third shift). In this model, the remote pharmacist is responsible for medication order entry and/or review, and medication order fulfillment occurs through the client-site pharmacy.
[Citation: http://www.ashp.org/DocLibrary/BestPractices/AutoITGdlRMOP.aspx]
Which of the following is a strong indicator of an Internet pharmacy’s compliance with state and federal laws and regulations and NABP's criteria?
a. DMEPOS
b. VAWD
c. PARE
d. VIPPS
e. PCOA
Answer:
Which of the following is a strong indicator of an Internet pharmacy’s compliance with state and federal laws and regulations and NABP's criteria?
a. DMEPOS
b. VAWD
c. PARE
d. VIPPS
e. PCOA
Answer: VIPPS. The VIPPS accreditation program (Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites), is a strong indicator of an Internet pharmacy’s compliance with state and federal laws and regulations and NABP's criteria. Online retailers of prescription drugs who seek VIPPS accreditation know that they will benefit from NABP’s recognized credibility and the decade-old VIPPS program and Seal. The VIPPS Seal demonstrates public accountability – it is also a symbol of a pharmacy’s commitment to its patients’ health and safety.
DMEPOS: NABP's DMEPOS accreditation program is the reliable and cost-effective choice for those pharmacies seeking durable medical equipment, prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies accreditation. With more than 100 years of experience in pharmacy, NABP understands the complexities of modern pharmacy practice and is committed to ensuring that Medicare beneficiaries receive the appropriate products, services, and patient care associated with DMEPOS products.
VAWD, or Verified-Accredited Wholesale Distributors, is an accreditation for pharmaceutical wholesale distribution facilities. Those wholesale distributors that achieve accreditation are in compliance with state and federal laws and NABP's VAWD criteria and proudly display the VAWD Seal.
PCOA: Responding to the need expressed by the United States Department of Education, the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and some US colleges and schools of pharmacy for an assessment tool to assist with curriculum development and review, NABP has worked closely with key stakeholders to develop the Pharmacy Curriculum Outcomes Assessment (PCOA).
PARE: The Pharmacist Assessment for Remediation Evaluation (PARE) is a multi-dimensional assessment that the boards of pharmacy may use as an auxiliary tool when making decisions regarding pharmacist practice deficiencies that are due to noncompliance with pharmacy practice standards, laws or regulations, and result in compromises to patient safety.
“Class 100 environment” means an ISO class 5 atmospheric environment, which contains less than one hundred (100) particles:
a. 0.005 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
b. 0.05 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
c. 0.5 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
d. 5 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
Answer:
“Class 100 environment” means an ISO class 5 atmospheric environment, which contains less than one hundred (100) particles:
a. 0.005 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
b. 0.05 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
c. 0.5 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
d. 5 microns in diameter per cubic foot of air.
Answer:(c). Class 100 environment” means an ISO class 5 atmospheric environment, which contains less than one hundred (100) particles five-tenths (0.5) microns in diameter per cubic foot of air, according to the ISO for clean rooms and associated controlled environments.
Starch consists of:
I. Linear amylose
II. Helical amylose
III. Branched amylopectin
Starch consists of:
I. Linear amylose
II. Helical amylose
III. Branched amylopectin
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (d), All. Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants as an energy store. However, in the Asteraceae, starch is replaced by the fructan inulin. It is the most common carbohydrate in the human diet and is contained in large amounts in such staple foods as potatoes, wheat, maize (corn), rice, and cassava.
Pure starch is a white, tasteless and odorless powder that is insoluble in cold water or alcohol. It consists of two types of molecules: the linear and helical amylose and the branched amylopectin. Depending on the plant, starch generally contains 20 to 25% amylose and 75 to 80% amylopectin by weight. Glycogen, the glucose store of animals, is a more branched version of amylopectin.
Which of the following agencies analyzes medication errors, near misses, and potentially hazardous conditions as reported by pharmacists and other practitioners?
a. ASHP
b. ACPE
c. ISMP
d. DRG
Answer:
Which of the following agencies analyzes medication errors, near misses, and potentially hazardous conditions as reported by pharmacists and other practitioners?
a. ASHP
b. ACPE
c. ISMP
d. DRG
Answer: (c). ISMP (Institute for Safe Medication Practices) is an independent nonprofit agency that analyzes medication errors, near misses, and potentially hazardous conditions as reported by pharmacists and other practitioners.
ISMP then makes appropriate contacts with companies and regulators, gathers expert opinion about prevention measures, and publishes its recommendations.
To assist pharmacists in the process of minimizing the occurrence of medication errors, many state boards of pharmacy are contemplating or already requiring community pharmacies to have a continuous quality improvement program in place.
Many of these state’s regulations include the requirement of root cause analysis (RCA) in the case of sentinel events.
The Joint Commission defines a sentinel event as an “unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury or risk thereof,” and recommends completing an RCA for all sentinel events for health care organizations in which they accredit.
It is anticipated that RCA for sentinel events may be required as part of an accreditation program for community/ambulatory pharmacies.
Researchers tested three types of inquiry about the patient’s understanding:
1. Yes-No
2. Tell Back-Directive
3. Tell Back-Collaborative
Researchers tested three types of inquiry about the patient’s understanding:
1. Yes-No
2. Tell Back-Directive
3. Tell Back-Collaborative
The Yes-No approach asked closed-ended questions to assess patient understanding. (Example: “I’ve given you a lot of information. Do you understand?”)
The Tell Back-Directive method used open-ended questions that were physician-centered and paternalistic in that it was clear authority and control still remained with the physician. (Example: “It’s really important that you do this exactly the way I explained. What do you understand?”)
The Tell Back-Collaborative approach used openended questions that were patient centered, making it clear that power and responsibility were shared between the health care provider and patient. (Example: I imagine you are really worried about your blood pressure. I’ve given you a lot of information. It would be helpful to me to hear your understanding about your clot and its treatment.)
Patients showed a significant preference for the Tell Back-Collaborative inquiry over other tested approaches. Because of the potential for embarrassment if patient misunderstandings are exposed, one might anticipate health care providers’ reluctance to put patients “on the spot” with open-ended questions.
But a collaborative approach to Tell Back allows the patient to save face for misunderstandings by acknowledging the large amount of information being provided. Patients might also view the request for Tell Back as evidence of the health care provider’s care and concern for them personally, or evidence of the provider’s attention to detail and competence.
So, when counseling patients about their medications, instead of asking “Do you have any questions?” or “Do you understand?” ask them to restate their understanding of the information you provided in their own words within a shame-free, blame-free environment.
Which of the following sign(s) and symptom(s) is/are commonly reported with kidney failure?
I. Vomiting and diarrhea
II. Anemia
III. Nocturnal urination
Which of the following sign(s) and symptom(s) is/are commonly reported with kidney failure?
I. Vomiting and diarrhea
II. Anemia
III. Nocturnal urination
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (d), All.
Symptoms of kidney failure include:
(a). High levels of urea in the blood, which can result in:
1. Vomiting and/or diarrhea, which may lead to dehydration
2. Nausea
3. Weight loss
4. Nocturnal urination
5. More frequent urination, or in greater amounts than usual, with pale urine
6. Less frequent urination, or in smaller amounts than usual, with dark coloured urine
7. Blood in the urine
8. Pressure, or difficulty urinating
9. Unusual amounts of urination, usually in large quantities
(b). Muscle cramps (caused by low levels of calcium which can be associated with hyperphosphatemia)
(c). A build up of potassium in the blood that diseased kidneys cannot filter out (called hyperkalemia) may cause:
1.Abnormal heart rhythms
2. Muscle paralysis
(d). Failure of kidneys to remove excess fluid may cause:
1. Swelling of the legs, ankles, feet, face and/or hands
2. Shortness of breath due to extra fluid on the lungs (may also be caused by anemia)
(e) Healthy kidneys produce the hormone erythropoietin that stimulates the bone marrow to make oxygen-carrying red blood cells. As the kidneys fail, they produce less erythropoietin, resulting in decreased production of red blood cells to replace the natural breakdown of old red blood cells. As a result, the blood carries less hemoglobin, a condition known as anemia. This can result in:
1. Feeling tired and/or weak
2. Memory problems
3. Difficulty concentrating
4. Dizziness
5. Low blood pressure
