Nitration of Benzaldehyde shall yield which of the following?
a. Ortho-Nitrobenzaldehyde
b. Para-Nitrobenzaldehyde
c. Meta-Nitrobenzaldehyde
d. None of the above
Nitration of Benzaldehyde shall yield which of the following?
a. Ortho-Nitrobenzaldehyde
b. Para-Nitrobenzaldehyde
c. Meta-Nitrobenzaldehyde
d. None of the above
Answer:Meta-Nitrobenzaldehyde. The substituent groups that offer meta isomers of the parent compound are know as meta-director. Below is the list of substituents yields meta isomer of the parent compound.
Which of the following compounds is Meso Compound?
a. 1-amino-2-methyl-1phenylpropane
b. Glyceraldehyde
c. 2,3-dichlorobutane
d. Chloroiodoethanoic acid
Which of the following compounds is Meso Compound?
a. 1-amino-2-methyl-1phenylpropane
b. Glyceraldehyde
c. 2,3-dichlorobutane
d. Chloroiodoethanoic acid
Answer: 2,3-dichlorobutane. Meso compound is one whose molecules are superimposable on their mirror images even though they contain chiral centers.
A meso compound is optically inactive for the same reason as any other compound whose molecules are achiral: the rotation caused by any one molecule is cancelled by an equal and opposite rotation caused by another molecule that is the mirror image of the first.
It can be easily identified by the fact that one half of the molecule is the mirror image of the other half.
In which of the following its publications, the FDA publishes listing of its biosimilar and interchangeable biological products?
a. Orange Book
b. Red Book
c. Blue Book
d. Purple Book
In which of the following its publications, the FDA publishes listing of its biosimilar and interchangeable biological products?
a. Orange Book
b. Red Book
c. Blue Book
d. Purple Book
Answer: Purple Book. FDA has released the "Purple Book," new documents listing biological products, including all biosimilar and interchangeable biological products licensed by FDA.
The lists include the date a biological product was licensed and whether FDA evaluated the biological product for reference product exclusivity, as defined under the Public Health Service Act.
The Purple Book will also list whether a licensed biological product has been determined to be biosimilar to or interchangeable with a reference biological product.
Separate lists for those biological products regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research are updated periodically.
Which of the following information about the Ebola virus is/are TRUE?
I. There's no cure or vaccine for Ebola.
II. Ebola wreaks life-threatening havoc within the body by attacking multiple organ systems at the same time.
III. Experts stress that early and intense medical care can greatly improve a person's chances of survival.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Which of the following information about the Ebola virus is/are TRUE?
I. There's no cure or vaccine for Ebola.
II. Ebola wreaks life-threatening havoc within the body by attacking multiple organ systems at the same time.
III. Experts stress that early and intense medical care can greatly improve a person's chances of survival.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (d), All. The Ebola virus currently raging in West Africa has a well-earned reputation as one of the world's most deadly illnesses. But experts stress that early and intense medical care can greatly improve a person's chances of survival.
There's no cure or vaccine for Ebola, which wreaks life-threatening havoc within the body by attacking multiple organ systems at the same time.
Instead, doctors must fall back on the basics of "good meticulous intensive care," supporting the patient and targeting treatment toward the organs that are under attack by the virus.
The virus is particularly tough to combat because once it gets into the human body, it attacks so many different tissues. In contrast, most viruses tend to target one specific organ. For example, influenza goes after the respiratory system.
Ebola attacks every organ system, including the heart, lungs, brain, liver and kidneys. It even attacks a person's blood, thinning it and causing Ebola's trademark bleeding from multiple orifices.
A patient with severe anxiety and depression shall avoid which of the following antidepressants?
a. Mirtazapine
b. Bupropion
c. Paroxetine
d. Fluvoxamine
e. Duloxetine
Answer:
A patient with severe anxiety and depression shall avoid which of the following antidepressants?
a. Mirtazapine
b. Bupropion
c. Paroxetine
d. Fluvoxamine
e. Duloxetine
Answer: (b), Bupropion. Bupropion hydrochloride (Wellbutrin) is an antidepressant of the aminoketone class. It is supplied for oral administration as 75-mg (yellow-gold) and 100-mg (red) film-coated tablets. It is indicated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).
The recommended starting dose is 200 mg per day, given as 100 mg twice daily. After 3 days of dosing, the dose may be increased to 300 mg per day, given as 100 mg 3 times daily, with at least 6 hours between successive doses. Dosing above 300 mg per day may be accomplished using the 75-or 100-mg tablets.
A maximum of 450 mg per day, given in divided doses of not more than 150 mg each, may be considered for patients who show no clinical improvement after several weeks of treatment at 300 mg per day. Administer the 100-mg tablet 4 times daily to not exceed the limit of 150 mg in a single dose.
To minimize the risk of seizure, increase the dose gradually. Increases in dose should not exceed 100 mg per day in a 3-day period. Due to its CNS stimulation property, it shall be avoided in patients suffering from severe anxiety. In such patients, instead Bupropion, one can use Mirtazapine or Paroxetine for its sedative effects.
Below is the list of antidepressants and their special effects:
SSRI or SSNRI: May cause reduced libido and arousal, erectile dysfunction, and delayed or absent orgasm.
Bupropion: Minimum weight gain. Contraindicated to use in patients suffering from anxiety and seizure.
Mirtazapine: Strong antihistamine and sedation properties.
Duloxetine: Useful in patients suffering from depression with fibromyalgia or diabetic neuropathic pain.
I. An order given individually for the person for whom prescribed, directly from the practitioner, or the practitioner’s agent, to a pharmacist.
II. A chart order written for an inpatient specifying drugs which he or she is to take home upon discharge.
III. A chart order written for an inpatient for use while he or she is an inpatient.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer:
“Prescription” means:
I. An order given individually for the person for whom prescribed, directly from the practitioner, or the practitioner’s agent, to a pharmacist.
II. A chart order written for an inpatient specifying drugs which he or she is to take home upon discharge.
III. A chart order written for an inpatient for use while he or she is an inpatient.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: (b). 1. "Prescription" means:
(a). An order given individually for the person for whom prescribed, directly from the practitioner, or the practitioner's agent, to a pharmacist or indirectly by means of an order signed by the practitioner or an electronic transmission from the practitioner to a pharmacist.
(b). A chart order written for an inpatient specifying drugs which he or she is to take home upon discharge.
2. "Prescription" does not include a chart order written for an inpatient for use while he or she is an inpatient.
ISMP has developed a tool to help address the reasons why barcode scanning has not been implemented and to facilitate the adoption of this technology in community pharmacies that do not currently utilize it for product verification. This tool is known as a(n):
a. PBSSD
b. CDQRP
c. ABVSR
d. QURPS
Answer:
ISMP has developed a tool to help address the reasons why barcode scanning has not been implemented and to facilitate the adoption of this technology in community pharmacies that do not currently utilize it for product verification. This tool is known as a(n):
a. PBSSD
b. CDQRP
c. ABVSR
d. QURPS
Answer:(c). Barcoding technology is well-established in industries outside of the health care sector and is now being used within health care to
enhance efficiency and safety, and in pharmaceutical wholesale operations to improve supply chain inventory and efficiency.
According to a survey conducted by ISMP in 2009, the most
frequently reported reasons for implementing barcode scanning for
product verification included a desire to improve the accuracy and
safety of the dispensing process, the ease with which the technology
fits with pharmacy workflow, improvement of staff efficiency and
inventory control, and a belief that the technology was necessary to
stay in business.
The most common reasons for not implementing
barcode scanning for product verification, other than cost, included
uncertainty regarding the "right" vendor product, satisfaction with the
current system (without barcode product verification), and perceptions
that the technology would reduce staff efficiency.
ISMP has developed a tool, Assessing Barcode Verification System
Readiness in Community Pharmacies, to help address the reasons
why barcode scanning has not been implemented and to facilitate
the adoption of this technology in an estimated 27,327 community
pharmacies that do not currently utilize it for product verification.
I. The affected records shall be sealed.
II. The proceedings to which they refer shall be deemed not to have occurred.
III. The affected party may properly represent that no record exists regarding the matter expunged.
a.I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer:
An Expungement means that:
I. The affected records shall be sealed.
II. The proceedings to which they refer shall be deemed not to have occurred.
III. The affected party may properly represent that no record exists regarding the matter expunged.
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and III only
d. All
Answer: All. In the common law legal system, an expungement proceeding is a type of lawsuit in which a first time offender of a prior criminal conviction seeks that the records of that earlier process be sealed, thereby making the records unavailable through the state or Federal repositories.
If successful, the records are said to be "expunged". Black's Law Dictionary defines "expungement of record" as the "Process by which record of criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed from the state or Federal repository." While expungement deals with an underlying criminal record, it is a civil action in which the subject is the petitioner or plaintiff asking a court to declare that the records be expunged.
A very real distinction exists between an expungement and a pardon. When an expungement is granted, the person whose record is expunged may, for most purposes, treat the event as if it never occurred.
A pardon (also called "executive clemency") does not "erase" the event; rather, it constitutes forgiveness.
In the United States, an expungement can be granted only by a judge; while a pardon can be granted only by the President of the United States for federal offenses, and the state governor, certain other state executive officers, or the State Board of Pardons and Paroles (varies from state to state) for state offenses.
All of the following may increase a patient's adherence to medication therapy EXCEPT:
a. By asking an open-ended question to a patient regarding drug therapy.
b. By educating a patient about proper drug usage.
c. By avoiding generic substitution.
d. By avoiding medical lingo.
Answer:
All of the following may increase a patient's adherence to medication therapy EXCEPT:
a. By asking an open-ended question to a patient regarding drug therapy.
b. By educating a patient about proper drug usage.
c. By avoiding generic substitution.
d. By avoiding medical lingo.
Answer: (c). A pharmacist may increase a patient's adherence to medication:
1. By asking open-ended questions rather than close-ended question.
An open-ended question is designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's own knowledge and/or feelings. It is the opposite of a closed-ended question, which encourages a short or single-word answer. Open-ended questions also tend to be more objective and less leading than closed-ended questions.
An example of open-ended question should be:
a. Tell me about your medication therapy. (open-ended question)
A closed-ended question is a question format that limits respondents with a list of answer choices from which they must choose to answer the question.
An example of close-ended question should be:
a. Are you taking your medication?
2. By addressing cost concerns. A pharmacist may suggest cheap generics or therapeutic alternatives, tablet splitting if appropriate, or any assistance program.
3. By linking doses with daily activities, smartphone apps or alarms, pillboxes, auto refills, etc.
4. By avoiding medical lingo. Ask patients to repeat back what you've told them.
The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) process is a systematic method of identifying and preventing:
a. medication errors before they occur.
b. medication abuses before they occur.
c. product and process problems before they occur.
d. diversion of controlled substances before they occur.
Answer:
The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) process is a systematic method of identifying and preventing:
a. medication errors before they occur.
b. medication abuses before they occur.
c. product and process problems before they occur.
d. diversion of controlled substances before they occur.
Answer: The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) process is a "systematic method of identifying and preventing product and process problems before they occur." FMEA is the tool that has the potential to be an integral part of any risk assessment and, therefore, the risk management process. FMEAs focus on identifying and removing defects, enhancing safety, and increasing customer satisfaction.
Assessing Risk and Opportunities for Change (AROC) is designed to help community pharmacy personnel identify potential medication safety risks and prevent errors. Pharmacists can use these materials and tools to pinpoint specific areas of weakness in their medication delivery systems and to provide a starting point for successful organizational improvements.
