Page 18 - Fpgee Question And Answer 2024 Edition

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IgE: It is also known as Reagin. It accounts for less
than 1% of the total immunoglobulins. It plays an
important role fighting against helminths. It is
elevated in patients suffering from asthma, hay
fever or any other allergic diseases. It is found in
body fluids and beneath the skin and mucosa.

IgG: It is the principal immunoglobulin among all
the classes of immunoglobulins. It accounts for as
much as 70% of the serum immunoglobulins and
20% of all plasma protein. It is the only
immunoglobulin which can cross the placenta and
provide antibody protection to the developing
fetus.
378. (b) The glomerular filtration rate or GFR is the
IgM: It is the first immunoglobulin type produced in volume of fluid filtered from the renal glomerular
response to the immune system. It accounts for capillaries into Bowman’s capsule per unit time.
20% of total immunoglobulins in human serum. It is Clinically, this is often measured to determine renal
also the first immunoglobulin produced by a fetus. function. The GFR in normal adults will be between
It cannot cross the placenta. 80 to 120 ml/minute. If the GFR falls below 30
ml/minute, a patient must see a kidney disease
376. (a) The number of WBCs (White Blood Cells) in specialist (called a nephrologist).
a healthy person ranges from 5000 to 10,000 per
cubic ml of whole blood. An average WBC count in a 379.(c) The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) or the
normal adult is 7000 per cubic ml. WBC counts in an renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a hormone
acute infection may rise as high as 20,000 to 30,000 system that helps regulate long-term blood
per cubic ml of blood. This rise in WBC count is pressure and blood volume in the body. The system
called leukocytosis, whereas the fall of WBC counts can be activated when there is a loss of blood
below 4000 is called leukopenia, e.g. in folic acid volume or a drop in blood pressure. Renin is an
deficiency and tuberculosis. enzyme that acts on angiotensinogen to form the
angiotensin I. This angiotensin I is then converted to
When WBC counts increase abnormally, it is called angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting
leukemia or blood cancer. In this disease, WBC enzyme). Angiotensin II then stimulates the
counts rise and take the place of RBCs in the blood. secretion of aldosterone, which finally increases the
+
reabsorption of Na ions and blood volume.
377. (b) Bowman’s capsule is a cup-shaped
structure with a thin double membrane present in 380. (c) Urea is the waste product of protein
the renal cortex. In the cavity of Bowman’s capsule, metabolism, formed in the liver by detoxification of
there is a group of about 50 capillaries called ammonia and removed from the body via the
glomerulus. kidneys.

The glomerular capillary wall has numerous minute 381.(c) Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the
pores. Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus are both accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints. It is an
collectively known as the Malpighian body. It serves immensely painful disease, which in most cases
as a filter to remove organic wastes, excess affects only one joint, most commonly the big toe.
inorganic salts, and water. Ultrafiltration is an The patient usually suffers from two sources of
entirely passive process. pain. Crystals inside joints cause immense pain
when the affected area is moved. The inflammation
of the tissues around the joint also causes the skin

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