73 listings in all posts with a title or author like "RxExam"
Which of the following glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) is administered subcutaneously once daily? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. Byetta
b. Adlyxin
c. Victoza
d. Trulicity
e. Tanzeum
Which of the following glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) is administered subcutaneously once daily? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. Byetta
b. Adlyxin
c. Victoza
d. Trulicity
e. Tanzeum
Answer (b,c)
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE ABOUT Winlevi? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. The active ingredient is Clascoterone.
b. It is an estrogen receptor inhibitor.
c. Indicated for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
d. It should only be used in patients 12 years of age or younger.
e. It is available as topical gel.
Which of the following statements is/are TRUE ABOUT Winlevi? [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. The active ingredient is Clascoterone.
b. It is an estrogen receptor inhibitor.
c. Indicated for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
d. It should only be used in patients 12 years of age or younger.
e. It is available as topical gel.
Answer: (a,c).
The active ingredient found in Winlevi is Clascoterone. It is available as cream. Each gram of Winlevi cream contains 10 mg of Clascoterone. It is an androgen receptor inhibitor indicated for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 12 years of age and older. Erythema/reddening, pruritus, scaling/dryness, edema, stinging, and burning are commonly reported side effects of Winlevi.
Clascoterone is first-in-class topical androgen receptor inhibitor that tackles the androgen hormone component of acne in both males and females. Androgen receptor inhibitors act by limiting the effects of these hormones on increasing sebum production and inflammation.
Acne is a multifactorial skin condition, affected by four distinct pathways: excess oil (sebum) production, clogged pores (hyperkeratinization), bacteria growth (C. acnes), and inflammation. Topical treatment options that target androgens, which largely drive sebum production and inflammation, presented a significant unmet need in the acne treatment market until now.
Elevated potassium levels (Hyperkalemia) were observed in some patients during the clinical trials.
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Who developed a Pharmacy Toolkit to help pharmacists engage and educate patients about the safe use, storage, and disposal of pain medicines?
a. CDC
b. CMSA
c. ASHP
d. AAOA
e. FTC
Answer: (d), In collaboration with its pharmacy partners and several state pharmacy associations, Allied Against Opioid Abuse (AAOA) developed a Pharmacy Toolkit to help pharmacists engage and educate patients about the safe use, storage, and disposal of pain medicines.
The AAOA Pharmacy Toolkit includes resources to help pharmacists raise awareness among patients about their rights, risks, and responsibilities associated with prescription opioids.
These resources include: a pharmacy display, patient handout, patient engagement guide, tips for talking with patients and caregivers, prescriber engagement guide, safe storage and disposal training, and social graphics.
To learn more about the Pharmacy Toolkit, please visit:
https://againstopioidabuse.org/
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The FDA has recently approved Xywav for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. Another drug Xyrem is available for the same indication in the US. What is a principal advantage of using Xywav over Xyrem?
a. Less side effects
b. Less potential for abuse
c. Low sodium contents
d. More potency
e. Cheaper
The FDA has recently approved Xywav for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. Another drug Xyrem is available for the same indication in the US. What is a principal advantage of using Xywav over Xyrem?
a. Less side effects
b. Less potential for abuse
c. Low sodium contents
d. More potency
e. Cheaper
Answer: C
The active ingredients found in Xywav is (calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium oxybates) oral solution. It is for the treatment of cataplexy or excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy.
Xywav is an oxybate product with a unique composition of cations resulting in 92 percent less sodium - or approximately 1,000 to 1,500 mg/night - than sodium oxybate at the recommended dosage range of 6 to 9 grams.
Multiple Xywav dosing options are available for adult and pediatric patients. Prescribers can titrate Xywav into unequal doses taken over the course of the night. When patients start Xywav after sodium oxybate, Xywav treatment is initiated at the same dose and regimen as sodium oxybate (gram for gram) and titrated as needed based on efficacy and tolerability.
Xywav makes it possible for patients to have a lower-sodium oxybate treatment option. This may help patients taking sodium oxybate better align with daily sodium intake recommendations including those by the American Heart Association. Excess sodium intake has been linked with increases in blood pressure, hypertension, stroke, and other cardiovascular disease.
Xyrem (Sodium oxybate) carries warnings about its high sodium content,10 and was previously the only product approved to treat both cataplexy and EDS in patients with narcolepsy 7 years of age and older and designated as a standard of care for the treatment of cataplexy and EDS by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.
Xywav has a Boxed Warning as a central nervous system depressant, and for its potential for abuse and misuse. Because of the risks of CNS depression and abuse and misuse, Xywav is available only through a restricted program under a REMS called the Xywav and Xyrem REMS Program.
Most common adverse reactions in adults are headache, nausea, dizziness, decreased appetite, parasomnia, diarrhea, hyperhidrosis, anxiety and vomiting.
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Entresto is indicated for the treatment of:
a. Hypertension
b. Heart failure
c. Depression
d. Type II diabetes mellitus
e. Panic disorder
Entresto is indicated for the treatment of:
a. Hypertension
b. Heart failure
c. Depression
d. Type II diabetes mellitus
e. Panic disorder
Answer: b. The active ingredients found in Entresto are Sacubitril and Valsartan. Sacubitril is a neprilysin inhibitor whereas Valsartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker.
It is available as tablets (24/26 mg, 49/51 mg and 97/103 mg).
It is indicated:
1. to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA Class II-IV) and reduced ejection fraction. It is usually administered in conjunction with other heart failure therapies, in place of an ACE inhibitor or other ARB.
2. for the treatment of symptomatic heart failure with systemic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in pediatric patients aged one year and older.
Hypotension, hyperkalemia, cough, dizziness and renal failure are reported side effects of the drug.
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Rexulti (Brexpiprazole) is indicated for: [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. OCD
b. Schizophrenia
c. Hypertension
d. Arrhythmia
e. Depression
Rexulti (Brexpiprazole) is indicated for: [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. OCD
b. Schizophrenia
c. Hypertension
d. Arrhythmia
e. Depression
Answer: b, e
The active ingredient found in Rexulti is Brexpiprazole. It is available as tablets (0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, and 4 mg).
The recommended dose is 0.5 to 3 mg per day once daily with or without food.
The mechanism of action of Brexpiprazole in the treatment of major depressive disorder or schizophrenia is unknown. However, the efficacy of Brexpiprazole may be mediated through a combination of partial agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors, and antagonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors.
Rexulti (Brexpiprazole) is an atypical antipsychotic indicated for:
1. Use as an adjunctive therapy to antidepressants for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD).
2. Treatment of schizophrenia
Dosing adjustments:
1. Moderate to Severe Hepatic Impairment (Child-Pugh score ≥7): Maximum recommended dosage is 2 mg once daily for patients with MDD and 3 mg once daily for patients with schizophrenia.
2. Moderate, Severe or End-Stage Renal Impairment (ClCr<60 mL/minute): Maximum recommended dosage is 2 mg once daily for patients with MDD and 3 mg once daily for patients with schizophrenia.
3. Known CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers: Reduce the usual dosage by half.
Weight gain and akathisia are commonly reported side effects of the drug.
What is the probable mechanism of action of Sirturo (Bedaquiline)?
a. Inhibits 5-alpha azo reductase
b. Inhibits DNA gyrase
c. Inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase
d. Inhibits RNA polymerase
e. Inhibits CGAP ligase
What is the probable mechanism of action of Sirturo (Bedaquiline)?
a. Inhibits 5-alpha azo reductase
b. Inhibits DNA gyrase
c. Inhibits mycobacterial ATP synthase
d. Inhibits RNA polymerase
e. Inhibits CGAP ligase
Answer: c
The active ingredient found in Sirturo is Bedaquiline. is the first anti-TB drug to interfere with bacterial energy metabolism.
Sirturo (Bedaquiline)® specifically inhibits mycobacterial ATP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate) synthase, by binding to subunit c of the enzyme that is essential for the generation of energy in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Sirturo (Bedaquiline)® is a diarylquinoline antimycobacterial drug indicated as part of combination therapy in the treatment of adult and pediatric patients (12 to less than 18 years of age and weighing at least 30 kg) with pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Reserve Sirturo (Bedaquiline)® for use when an effective treatment regimen cannot otherwise be provided.
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Recently FDA approved pediatric suspension of VESIcare for used in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older for the treatment of:
a. Overactive bladder
b. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity
c. Nausea and vomiting
d. Preventing excessive gastrin secretion
e. Diarrhea associated with C. difficile
Recently FDA approved pediatric suspension of VESIcare for used in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older for the treatment of:
a. Overactive bladder
b. Neurogenic detrusor overactivity
c. Nausea and vomiting
d. Preventing excessive gastrin secretion
e. Diarrhea associated with C. difficile
Answer: b
The active ingredient found in VESIcare is Solifenacin succinate. It is a muscarinic antagonist. It is available in tablet and pediatric oral suspension dosage forms.
VESIcare LS oral suspension will come in a 5 mg/5 mL (1 mg/mL) oral suspension and will be available in the United States in late 2020.
The tablet dosage form is indicated for the treatment of adults with overactive bladder with symptoms of urge urinary incontinence, urgency, and urinary frequency.
The recommended dose is 5 to 10 mg orally once daily.
Recently, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved VESIcare LS (Solifenacin succinate) oral suspension for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older.
Patients with NDO may experience involuntary bladder contractions, which can lead to symptoms of urinary urgency, frequency and incontinence. Spina bifida, a congenital spinal cord defect, is a common cause of NDO in children.
The most common adverse reactions (more than 4% in VESIcare-treated patients and placebo-treated patients) were dry mouth and constipation at both 5 mg and 10 mg doses; and urinary tract infection and blurred vision at the 10 mg dose.
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Dupixent (Dupilumab) is a fully-human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the signaling of the: [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. IL-4
b. IL-8
c. IL-13
d. IL-20
e. IL-23
Dupixent (Dupilumab) is a fully-human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the signaling of the: [Select ALL THAT APPLY].
a. IL-4
b. IL-8
c. IL-13
d. IL-20
e. IL-23
Answer: a, c
Atopic dermatitis usually develops in early childhood and is more common in people who have a family history of the condition.
The main symptom is a rash that typically appears on the arms and behind the knees, but can also appear anywhere.
The active ingredient found in Dupixent (Dupilumab) is Dupilumab. It is the first biologic medicine for children aged 6 to 11 Years with Moderate-to-Severe Atopic Dermatitis.
Dupixent (Dupilumab) is a fully-human monoclonal antibody that inhibits the signaling of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-13 (IL-13) proteins, and is not an immunosuppressant.
IL-4 and IL-13 are key drivers of the type 2 inflammation that plays a major role in atopic dermatitis, asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP).
Dupixent (Dupilumab) is an interleukin-4 receptor alpha antagonist indicated:
1. for the treatment of patients aged 6 years and older with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis whose disease is not adequately controlled with topical prescription therapies or when those therapies are not advisable.
2. as an add-on maintenance treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma aged 12 years and older with an eosinophilic phenotype or with oral corticosteroid dependent asthma.
3. as an add-on maintenance treatment in adult patients with inadequately controlled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP).
The recommended dose is an initial dose of 600 mg (two 300 mg injections in different injection sites), followed by 300 mg given every other week.
Most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥1%) are injection site reactions, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, oral herpes, keratitis, eye pruritus, other herpes simplex virus infection, and dry eye.
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Which of the following information is the primary gene associated with an increased risk for Ankylosing Spondylitis?
a. HLA-B27
b. PRC-201
c. HLB-A27
d. CEA
e. RTP-PY3
Which of the following information is the primary gene associated with an increased risk for Ankylosing Spondylitis?
a. HLA-B27
b. PRC-201
c. HLB-A27
d. CEA
e. RTP-PY3
Answer: a
Ankylosing Spondylitis is best known as an arthritis of the joints of the spine, but it frequently affects other joints (e.g, shoulders, hips) and occasionally affects other organs such as the eyes, skin, and intestines (ie, uveitis, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively).
The etiology of Ankylosing Spondylitis is unknown; however, environmental and genetic factors may play a role in its occurrence.
1. Human leukocyte antigen-B27 (HLA-B27) is the primary gene associated with an increased risk for Ankylosing Spondylitis;
2. The presence of interleukin 23R (IL23R) and endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) may also increase risk.
Symptom onset commonly occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood (17-45 years of age) with unilateral or alternating low back and buttock pain or stiffness that improves with activity and worsens with rest.
The pain is usually dull and diffuses and progresses gradually over weeks to months. Up to 35% of patients have hip arthritis.
The pain eventually becomes chronic and bilateral in nature and advances to neck pain and stiffness months to years after initial presentation.
Of note, symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis may initially manifest in a peripheral joint in a minority of patients, more commonly in children, which may lead to the potential for an incorrect diagnosis.
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