16. (d) The status of renal function impairment can be expressed by creatinine clearance.

ClT = ClH + ClR

where,

ClT = Total body clearance

ClH = Hepatic clearance

ClR = Renal clearance

2100 = 300 + ClR

ClR = 1800 ml/hr

= 30 ml/min

The normal creatinine clearance generally lies between 80 to 120 ml/min. A creatinine clearance in patient is 30 ml/min which will be considered severely impaired.

17. (c) Blood serum freezes at 0.520 C, and all solutions having this freezing point are isotonic with blood serum. 0.9% sodium chloride have the same freezing point that of blood serum.

FP provides by 1% Boric acid = -0.29o C

FP of blood = - 0.52o C

FP (needed) by NaCl = (0.52-0.29)

= 0.23o C

Now as we know that FP provides by 1% NaCl would be -0.58o C therefore one can say,

For FP 0.58o needs 1 % NaCl

For FP 0.23o needs ?

= (0.23 x 1)/0.58 = 0.396 % NaCl

0.396 gm of NaCl/ 100cc.

The amount of NaCl needed for 250cc,

= (250 x 0.396)/100 = 0.991 gm NaCl = 991 mg

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