ANSWER 5
(b) The deviation of data from its mean or average is defined as standard deviation. The reproducibility of the series of measurements is known as precision. Accuracy is defined as closeness of measurements to the true value.

ANSWER 6
(a) Precision.

ANSWER 7
(b) Losartan.

ANSWER 8
(d) The relation of the rate of sedimentation with various parameters can be expressed by Stoke’s law.

V = 2r2 (P1 - P2) g/9n

V = velocity of sedimentation in cm/sec
r = radius of the particles in cm
P1 = density of disperse phase in
g/cm3
P2 = density of dispersion medium in g/cm3
n = viscosity of dispersion medium
g = gravity acceleration 980.7 cm/sec2

The rate of sedimentation is independent of the lipophilic nature of particles.

ANSWER 9
(a) Doxapram is indicated as the respiratory stimulant agent in postanesthesia and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with acute hypercapnia. The respiratory stimulant to effect of this agent is attributed to its ability to stimulate the respiratory center in the medulla via carotid chemoreceptors.
Ipecac is widely used as an emetic in accidental poisoning. It is also used as an expectorant.
Dopamine is formed by the decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). It is a precursor to noradrenalin and is also itself a neurotransmitter in CNS. It is indicated for treatment of cardiac shock. The vasodilation offered by dopamine is very important in drawing the blood in the kidney and small bowel during an ischemic attack. The diuretic property of dopamine helps to preserve the renal tubules. The cardiac stimulation improves the deteriorated cardiac function. Hypotension is a principal adverse effect of the drug.

Disopyramide is classified as a class IA antiarrhythmic agent. It has profound anticholinergic side effects with severe A.V. node suppression properties. It should be carefully used in patients with congestive heart failure with glaucoma and urinary hesistancy. The major adverse effects reported are dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention and blurred vision.

ANSWER 10
(b) Diptheria is an example of a killed inactivated vaccine. Measles, Mumps and Rubella are examples of live attenuated (live organism with reduced disease producing capacity) vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines should never be administered to an AIDS patient.

ANSWER 11
(c) Corlopam (Feoldopam) is indicated for short-term (up to 48 hours) management of severe hypertension when rapid but quickly reversible, emergency reduction of blood pressure is clinically required. It is an agonist for Dopamine-D1 receptors.

ANSWER 12
(b) Net profit to net worth ratio is the best indicator of a pharmacy’s profitability, because it compares the net profit to net investment in the pharmacy.

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